CAPO Digest

CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members. We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a CAPO Digest please contact the CAPO office at s[email protected].


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:09 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Sophie Lebel, PhD, C.Psych, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa

    Digest Editor: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Fear of cancer recurrence is a growing area of research, now with its own IPOS Special Interest Group called FORWARDS. As a researcher and clinician working on fear of cancer recurrence, I frequently get asked this question: “Fear of cancer recurrence is present in almost all of my patients but how can I help them deal with this fear? I am not sure it is something that can be changed”. Until recently, this feeling was warranted as there was only one published trial of an intervention to address fear of cancer recurrence (Herschbach et al, 2009), which showed that both group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and group supportive expressive therapy were efficacious in reducing this fear. In November 2017, Butow and colleagues published the results of their trial of an individual therapy to address fear of cancer recurrence in cancer survivors in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. The intervention is called ConquerFear and consists of five face-to face individual sessions that cover attention training, metacognitions, acceptance/mindfulness, screening behavior, and values-based goal setting. Specifically, the intervention teaches strategies for controlling worry and excessive threat monitoring, modifying unhelpful beliefs about worry, and developing appropriate monitoring and screening behaviors, educates about follow-up and strategies (e.g., exercise) to reduce risk of recurrence, addresses existential issues, and promotes goal setting. One of the interesting features of this trial is that the intervention was compared to a nonspecific attention control intervention (five sessions of face-to-face relaxation training). The effects of the therapy were also assessed at 3- and 6-months post therapy. Participants (95% female) were 222 stage 0 to III breast, Dukes’ stage A to C colorectal, and Stage IA to IIB melanoma survivors who were disease-free and who displayed elevated levels of fear of cancer recurrence before being enrolled in the trial (as defined as a score of ≥ 13 on the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory). Participants had completed adjuvant treatment 2 months to 5 years previously. They were randomly assigned to either ConquerFear or the control group. Twenty-six therapists from 17 sites across Australia participated and delivered both interventions. ConquerFear participants had clinically and statistically greater improvements than control participants from baseline to completion of the intervention on their fear of cancer recurrence score and these differences were still statistically significant at 3- and 6-month post-intervention. There were also significantly greater improvements reported by ConquerFear participants in general anxiety, cancer-specific distress, and mental quality of life and metacognitions from baseline to end of the intervention, however few of these differences were significant at the subsequent follow-ups. Interestingly, ConquerFear was effective regardless of baseline fear of cancer recurrence levels, stage of disease, age, education, and country of birth.

    Why I liked the article: In conclusion, yes, it is possible to help patients deal with their fear of cancer recurrence. A next step will be to see how these interventions fare when implemented in clinical settings.

    Citation: Butow PN, Turner J, Gilchrist J, Sharpe L, Smith AB, Fardell JE, Tesson S,O’Connell R, Girgis A, Gebski VJ, Asher R, Mihalopoulos C, Bell ML, Zola KG, Beith J, Thewes B. Randomized Trial of ConquerFear: A Novel, Theoretically Based Psychosocial Intervention for Fear of Cancer Recurrence. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Nov 2:JCO2017731257. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.73.1257.

    Journal website: http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.1257


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:08 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Andrea Johnson, PhD (C), School of Social Work, University of British Columbia

    Digest Editor: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    As more adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (ages 15-39) are surviving a diagnosis of cancer, greater attention is being directed towards their psychosocial wellbeing as cancer survivors. Over the past decade, there has been increasing research and practice interest in the prevalence of mental health outcomes (eg. mood and anxiety disorders) experienced by this cohort after treatment. There is a small but robust literature base that has demonstrated peaks of psychological distress experienced by AYAs following treatment completion. However, what remains unknown are the associations between developmental life stage, cancer survivorship, and mental health outcomes for people diagnosed with cancer. Specifically, are AYAs at greater risk for adverse mental health outcomes when compared to cancer-free AYAs and older adult cancer survivors. This article reports on a study designed to answer this question.

    The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) was used as a population-based instrument in this study. This survey collects annual health-related data from Canadians of different ages. The final sample size in this study was 239, 316 and this included four combined annual cycles (2007-2010) of respondents. This sample was dichotomized into AYAs (ages 15-39) and older adults (ages 40+). Outcomes of interest in this study were: self-perceived general health status, self-perceived mental health status, and self-reported mood and anxiety disorders diagnosed by a professional. Weighted logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships between age, cancer survivorship, and psychosocial outcomes of respondents.

    Cancer survivorship was found to be strongly associated with poor self-perceived mental health and mood and anxiety disorders among AYAs. AYA survivors of cancer were more likely to report mood and anxiety disorders than both AYAs without a history of cancer and older adults who were cancer survivors. This increased prevalence held for both self-perceptions of mental health and self-reported clinically diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders. Notably, 15.1% of AYA cancer survivors and 5.4% of AYAs without cancer reported a diagnosis of anxiety. 14.8% of AYA cancer survivors and 5.7% of AYAs without cancer reported a diagnosis of a mood disorder.

    This study advances understanding of the mental health outcomes of AYA cancer survivors. It clearly argues that it is the intersection between developmental stage and a history of cancer that leaves AYA cancer survivors vulnerable to distress.

    Why I liked the article: I really liked how this study compared psychological outcomes between AYAs with and without cancer. The psychological distress observed of AYA cancer survivors may be wrongly dismissed in practice as typical “storm and stress” expected of AYAs. The adverse mental health outcomes experienced by AYAs in this survey however surpassed those of AYAs without cancer. There remain significant gaps in AYA psychosocial oncology care. Greater efforts must be made to both understand and respond to the psychological distress experiences of AYAs.

    Article: Lang, M.J., Giese-Davis, J., Patton, S.B. & Campbell, J.T. (2017). Does age matter? Comparing post-treatment psychosocial outcomes in young adult and older adult cancer survivors with their cancer-free peers. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/pon.4490.

    Journal website: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1611


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:07 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentators: Chelsea Moran, BSc, MA (c) & Adina Coroiu, MA, PhD (c), Department of Educational

    and Counselling Psychology, McGill University

    Digest Editor: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Early detection and timely treatment of melanoma improves survival. Given that most melanomas are self-detected (by individuals or their partners), skin self-examination (SSE) is an important adjunct to yearly skin examinations by a physician. Partners can help at-risk individuals check body areas that are more difficult to examine carefully, such as the scalp and back. Robinson and colleagues (2016) examined the long-term effect of a structured educational intervention on participant frequency of SSE conducted with a partner.

    This study analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT; NCT01432860), in which melanoma patients with stage 0 to IIB melanoma and their skin-checking partners were randomized to one of three active intervention conditions or a control. The three active conditions included identical content, which was delivered in three different formats: in-person education, workbook education, and electronic tablet education. The active intervention included monthly SSE recommendations, written materials about how to use the ABCDE (asymmetry, border, color, diameter and evolution) criteria to identify suspicious lesions, a diary and body maps to record SSE and track mole history, and reinforcement of skills by dermatologists at 4-month intervals. The control condition included customary education, as per usual care. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the intervention compared to the control on three outcomes: 1) frequency of SSE (objective 1); 2) patient-detected and physician-detected new or recurrent melanomas (objective 2); and 3) number of unscheduled physician appointments (objective 3). The three outcomes of interest were assessed at 4, 12, and 24-months post-intervention.

    In total, 494 dyads were randomized with 59% completion by the 24-month follow-up. Since there were no significant differences in SSE frequency among the intervention groups, the three groups (in-person, workbook, tablet) were collapsed into one group. From baseline to 24-months post-intervention, participants in the intervention groups (in-person, workbook, tablet) performed SSE with a partner at a significantly higher frequency than participants in the control group (objective 1). From baseline to 24-months post-intervention, dyads in the intervention groups identified 43 melanomas compared to none identified in the control group (objective 2). Across the entire sample, approximately 13% of participants developed new melanomas. Finally, 28 participants in the intervention groups and 2 participants in the

    control group requested unscheduled appointments with the study physicians due to concerning lesions, accounting for only 1.0% of total physician visits (objective 3). The authors concluded that the interventions led to increased SSE performance and increased detection of melanoma in patient-partner dyads, without leading to unnecessary visits to the dermatologist.

    Why we liked this article: We liked this article because it underscored the importance of interventions for the early detection of melanoma, as well as the importance of partner assistance with skin self-examination among high-risk groups. Further, this trial is one of the first studies with a rigorous design to show that interventions targeting SSE did not actually increase the number of unscheduled medical visits lending some support to claims that SSE may be a cost-effective behaviour. This is valuable work that will generate further research on the effect of SSE interventions on melanoma early detection and melanoma-related mortality.

    This study is a step forward in melanoma prevention literature in that it shows that receiving education about monthly SSE using the ABCDE criteria and tools such as body maps and checking diaries is associated with an increase in SSE with the help of a partner when compared to customary education. The results of this study have important implications for psychosocial professionals working with melanoma cancer survivors, as they reaffirm the need for specific education to promote regular SSE performance. When possible, practitioners should also encourage patients to obtain assistance from their partners when checking their skin to ensure more complete self-exams.

    Article: Robinson, J. K., Wayne, J. D., Martini, M. C., Hultgren, B. A., Mallett, K. A., & Turrisi, R. (2016). Early detection of new melanomas by patients with melanoma and their partners using a structured skin self-examination skills training intervention: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatology, 152(9), 979-985.

    Journal website: http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/

    Author website: http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=12499


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:07 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Marguerite Gollish, B.A., University of Ottawa

    Digest Editor: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Latino cancer patients present a higher risk for poor mental health outcomes than non-Latino whites, with higher rates of depressive symptoms for Latinas with breast cancer. Given these results, it is concerning that Latinos are also less likely than non-Latino whites to receive treatment and services to improve these outcomes. The study by Costas-Muniz and colleagues aimed to investigate interest in and self-reported use of psychosocial services before and after a breast cancer diagnosis, comparing groups of Latina and non-Latina white cancer survivors.

    Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 409 Latina and 514 non-Latina white breast cancer survivors who were in remission and who had received treatment at a single comprehensive oncology centre in the United States. Ninety-seven Latinas and 168 non-Latina white patients returned the questionnaire with an overall response rate of 30%. The questionnaire contained demographic and medical items, and self-reported use of psychosocial services before and after the cancer diagnosis. The type of service and type of professional was assessed, as well as frequency of service use.

    Results: Both Latinas and non-Latina white breast cancer survivors had similar rates of contact with a psychological service provider prior to diagnosis (34%), except for religious counselling. Non-Latina whites were less likely (6%) to have had contact with a religious counsellor than Latinas (13%). After diagnosis, 43% of participants (49% Latinas and 40% non-Latina whites) reported needing or wanting psychosocial services, but of these only 61% reported using a psychosocial service. While Latinas were less likely to have had contact with social workers and to use psychotropic medication, there were no significant differences between the groups when it came to contact with psychologists or psychiatrists, or the use of psychotherapy or counselling. Although there were no significant differences in the proportion of Latinas and non-Latina whites who reported needing psychosocial services, non-Latina whites were overall more likely to have had more frequent contact with a mental health professional.

    Why I liked the article: The authors provided particularly interesting considerations of how cultural and linguistic issues could explain the differences in the use of religious counselling and the use of psychotropic medication. It demonstrated a need for interventions for breast cancer survivors that take these cultural and linguistic differences into account.

    Article: Costas-Muñiz, R., Hunter-Hernández, M., Garduño-Ortega, O., Morales-Cruz, J., & Gany, F. (2017). Ethnic differences in psychosocial service use among non-Latina white and Latina breast cancer survivors. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 1–14.  https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2017.1310167

    Journal website: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wjpo20/current

    Author website: http://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/cwid-roc2032


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:06 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Keith Wilson, PhD, CPsych. Emeritus Clinician Investigator, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute

    Edited by: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    For most women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer, hair loss (alopecia) is a distressing side effect of treatment. It has been known for some time that cooling the scalp during chemotherapy sessions can reduce the extent of alopecia in some people. The mechanism seems to be that cooling the scalp reduces blood flow – and the corresponding delivery of toxic chemotherapy drugs – to the sensitive hair follicles. Commercial cooling machines have been developed, and are available for use in some centres. To date, however, the efficacy of scalp cooling for preventing chemotherapy-induced alopecia has never been evaluated in a large randomized controlled trial.

    Nangia et al (2017) conducted a multi-centre study of 182 women with Stage I-II breast cancer who were receiving adjunct taxane-based or anthracycline-based chemotherapy which typically cause marked alopecia. Participants were assigned randomly to a scalp-cooling protocol or to a control group that did not receive scalp cooling. The cooling protocol required patients to wear a helmet-like cap for 30 minutes before each chemotherapy session, during the session, and for 90 minutes after. A liquid coolant was circulated through the cap to reduce scalp temperature. The primary outcome for hair preservation was a standard grading system, in which a clinician rated the extent of the patient’s hair loss.

    The authors reported that 142 patients, 95 in the cooling group and 47 in the control were evaluable in a planned interim analysis. Of the 95 patients who received the cooling protocol, 5%  had no hair loss at all, and a further 45% had <50% loss: an overall response rate of 50%. None of the control participants achieved that degree of hair preservation. Furthermore, all of the control participants went on to wear a wig or head wrap in their daily lives, whereas 37% of the treatment group felt no need to do so.

    This study also examined whether broad domains of quality of life were improved with the scalp cooling intervention, but there was no evidence that depression, anxiety, or social functioning were different between the two groups. It was also noted that different sites of the multi-centre trial had different success rates; apparently, there are technical issues involved in fitting the cooling caps that require training. Interestingly, however, a companion article in the same issue of JAMA reported that in routine use, up to 66% of patients can be helped with this approach.

    Why I liked this article: There are individual differences in how people respond to chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Some women embrace their hair loss, some accept it with resignation, and others feel stigmatized. The value of scalp cooling in reducing this troubling side effect seems to be underestimated. As with most novel interventions, there are unanswered questions – including who will pay the estimated $2000 to $4000 cost per patient. Concurrent scalp cooling during a chemotherapy session can also be quite uncomfortable for some individuals. In general, however, it is remarkable that a cosmetically meaningful reduction in alopecia can be achieved in about 50% of women who are receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer, using such a low-tech concept. That’s pretty cool.

    Article. Nangia, J., Wang, T., Osborne, C., Niravath, P., Otte, K., Papish, S., Holmes, F., Abraham, J., Lacouture, M., Courtwright, J., Paxman, R., Rude, M., Hilsenbeck, S., Osborne, C.K., & Rimawi, M. (2017). Effect of a scalp cooling device on alopecia in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer: the SCALP randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 317, 596-605. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.20939

    Journal website: http://jamanetwork.com/

    Dr. Morris’ university webpage: http://surgery.med.umich.edu/general/patient/faculty/ammsurg.shtml


    CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have been published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members. We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a Digest please contact the CAPO office at [email protected]


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:06 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Chad Hammond, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa

    Edited by: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Indigenous peoples are often left behind other populations in terms of accessing quality healthcare. In the area of cancer care, for example, their survival rates have lagged behind those of non-Indigenous populations despite recent improvements in cancer screening techniques and treatments. A long, continuing history of institutional racism, dismissal, and mistreatment leaves many Indigenous peoples distrustful and fearful of ‘becoming a patient.’ In many ways, the article by Morris and colleagues captures the current status of Indigenous patient-provider relationships among American Indian and Alaskan Native (AI/AN) patients. Their investigation was sparked by a very appropriate and timely question: how do AI/AN patients and their surgeons perceive the decision-making process around cancer treatment?

    Over three years, Dr. Morris and colleagues recruited AI/AN patients (multiple cancer sites) and their surgeons to rate their exchanges with each other. Although somewhat vaguely stated, the authors mention they abided by research protocols developed for respectful engagement with Indigenous communities—an essential ingredient toward developing trust between communities and institutions of research as well as of healthcare. A total of 49 AI/AN patients (62% response rate) completed a host of surveys, among them the Collaboration and Satisfaction about Care Decision scale, Ethnic Identity scale, Everyday Discrimination scale, and the Wake Forest Trust scale. Fourteen surgeons (37% response rate) were also surveyed and interviewed.

    The results of this study presented a promising image of patient-provider collaboration. Several domains of trust in providers (including honesty, confidentiality, collaborative decision-making, etc.) were rated quite highly, especially the domain of competence with 78% of patients agreeing or strongly agreeing with a statement about physician competence. Provider fidelity (caring/advocating for patient) was rated the lowest with 53% of patients agreeing or strongly agreeing with a statement about physician fidelity. Without making any causal claims, the authors reported that patients’ higher satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and sense of collaboration were correlated with their adherence to treatment. Twenty-six percent of patients reported non-adherence to treatment and their reasons were mostly non-clinical, citing personal and socio-economic circumstances (e.g., poverty), lack of proper access, and mistrust as potential factors in reducing adherence. Importantly, in all domains providers rated the quality of interaction and collaboration higher than AI/AN patients.

    This article is a hopeful gem, asking hard questions around Indigenous participation in healthcare and discovering that the default patient-provider relationship is not adversarial—many AI/AN patients give a vote of confidence in their providers. There are, however, domains needing improvement toward more cooperative, coordinated planning of treatments. The stark difference in patient ratings of provider competence versus fidelity is a powerful one; it suggests that Indigenous patients usually see their healthcare providers as effective healers but not always as loyal allies. The authors suggest that for AI/AN patients trust may matter more than satisfaction. Many Indigenous peoples, bearing the memories of trust betrayed by settler institutions and governments, know this intuitively.

    Morris, A. M., Doorenbos, A. Z., Haozous, E., Meins, A., Javid, S., & Flum, D. R. (2016). Perceptions of cancer treatment decision making among American Indians/Alaska Natives and their physicians. Psycho‐Oncology 25,1050-6. doi: 10.1002/pon.4191. Epub 2016 Jul 6

    Psycho-Oncology website: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1611

    Dr. Morris’ university webpage: http://surgery.med.umich.edu/general/patient/faculty/ammsurg.shtml


    CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have been published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members. We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a Digest please contact the CAPO office at [email protected]



  • 15 Aug 2018 2:05 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Stephanie Saunders, MA student, Jennifer Brunet PhD

    Edited by: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Medical advancement in cancer treatments have led to improved surgical outcomes and survival in locally advanced rectal cancer patients. In particular, neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT), followed by surgical resection, has become the standard regimen for rectal cancer patients, as it improves local control of cancer. Although this leads to enhanced prognosis, NACRT is associated with a host of adverse side effects that negatively impact patients’ wellbeing. Whereas many researchers have reported that exercise is an effective strategy to mitigate these negative treatment side effects in a range of cancers (e.g., breast, prostate, colon), few of these studies have been performed in patients with rectal cancer, and, to date, no studies have looked at the influence of exercise on NACRT side effects.

    The current study examined study feasibility and safety of an aerobic exercise intervention in 18 patients diagnosed with rectal cancer during and immediately after NACRT. Forty-five participants were screened for eligibility by their medical oncologist at the time of their first radiation consultation. The study coordinator followed-up with 32 patients who were deemed eligible to participate, and scheduled initial exercise assessment for 18 interested participants.

    Morielli and colleagues (2016) had participants engage in a supervised aerobic exercise program, consisting of warm up and cool down, and a tailored session on a variety of aerobic modalities (e.g., treadmill, upright bike, recumbent bike, elliptical, and rower). The program ran three times per week throughout their NACRT treatment (6 weeks). Upon completion of their NACRT treatment, participants were given an unsupervised aerobic exercise program, cumulating in 150 minutes per week, for 6-8 weeks until their surgical resection.

    The authors found a high study eligibility (32/45,71%), high recruitment rate (18/32, 56%), and high retention rate (14/18, 78%), all of which are comparable to rates of other Phase 1 exercise intervention studies in other commonly studied cancers (e.g., breast and lymphoma). Additionally, secondary findings suggest that while health-related fitness outcomes (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness level, psychosocial functioning, quality of life) declined during NACRT, they recovered afterwards to baseline levels, and in some cases improved beyond pre-NACRT levels. These results provide early evidence that exercise training among eligible patients with rectal cancer undergoing NACRT is both safe and feasible. In addition, exercise may have potential protective health effects during NACRT, as health-related fitness outcomes increased upon completion of treatment of NACRT prior to surgery. As this was a feasibility study without a control group, more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of the intervention and the effect of exercise on health outcomes.

    What I liked about this article: The current literature has shown that exercise is beneficial to a range of cancer populations; however its effects on patients with rectal cancer are understudied. Morielli and colleagues’ (2016) article is among the first to provide an indication of the role exercise can play in ameliorating negative side effects of NACRT in patients with rectal cancer. Further, as the authors have shown eligibility and recruitment rates over 50%, patients with rectal cancer are both highly interested, and able, to participate in exercise training opportunities. As a result of this study, researchers have an exciting opportunity to further explore the relationship between exercise and NACRT side effects, as well as investigate the benefits of exercise training in a population that has shown interest in participating in exercise-based studies.

    Journal website: https://onf.ons.org

    Morielli, A. R., Usmani, N., Boulé, N. G., Tankel, K., Severin, D., Nijjar, T., … & Courneya, K. S. (2016). A phase I study examining the feasibility and safety of an aerobic exercise intervention in patients with rectal cancer during and after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncology Nursing Forum, 43(3), 352-362.


    CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have been published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members.  We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a Digest please contact the CAPO office at [email protected]


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:05 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Joan L. Bottorff, PhD, RN, FCAHS, FAAN, School of Nursing and Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia’s Okanagan Campus

    Edited by: Mary Ann O’Brien, PhD, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Tobacco use has been established as a causal factor for a number of cancers and has been a primary focus for cancer prevention efforts.  However, less attention has been given to the risks of tobacco use among patients with cancer who continue to smoke. The evidence presented in the article by Passarelli and colleagues adds to the growing body of literature that we need to address continued smoking among those with cancer to reduce mortality and morbidity.  In this observational study, the authors followed up a sample of 20,691 breast cancer survivors in the United States to evaluate the association between smoking status before and after a breast cancer diagnosis, and mortality from breast cancer and smoking-related disease. Persistent smoking among survivors in this study was associated with a statistically significant 25% increase in relative risk of breast cancer death.  Women who continued to smoke also had a higher risk of death from respiratory cancer, noncancer respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease. Women who quit smoking post-diagnosis had a 33% lower relative risk of death from breast cancer and other causes compared to those who continued to smoke, although this was not statistically significant.

    What I liked about this article:  This is a large population based study that provides a solid evidence base for promoting smoking cessation.  Although the factors by which smoking effects tumor progression are not fully understood, the results not only point to the adverse outcomes for those with a history of breast cancer who continue to smoke but also obligate us all to offer smoking cessation to women with breast cancer.  Respectful, women-centred approaches to smoking cessation can serve as an important foundation for offering cessation support to women with breast cancer. This study suggests the time is now for prescribing and supporting smoking cessation with every woman with breast cancer who smokes at every visit in order to optimize survival and overall health. The findings of Passarelli et al. can help us advocate for the resources we need to augment resources for smoking cessation in clinical practice.

    Article:  Passarelli, M.N., Newcomb, P.A., Hampton, J.M., Trentham-Dietz, A., Titus, L.J., Egan, K.M., Baron, J.A., & Willett, W.C. (2016).  Cigarette smoking before and after breast cancer diagnosis: Mortality from breast cancer

    Journal website: http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/34/12/1315.full.pdf+html?sid=8fa86d13-4eaa-4135-8e87-2c87c6456da1

    Author website: http://profiles.ucsf.edu/michael.passarelli


    CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have been published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members.  We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a Digest please contact the CAPO office at [email protected]



  • 15 Aug 2018 2:03 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator: Teja Voruganti, MD-PhD student, University of Toronto

    Edited by: Mary Ann O’Brien, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto and Jennifer Brunet, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa

    With a patient population that is aging and increasingly diverse, it is crucial that doctors be aware of and incorporate patient values and preferences into end-of-life (EOL) discussions, However, these conversations can be challenging to initiate for a number of reasons, though there is a dearth of research as to what these are. Periyakoil et al. 2015 have conducted a study to identify and explore doctor-reported barriers to having EOL discussions with patients.

    Using a cross-sectional design, 1040 of 1234 (84%) senior medical residents at two academic hospitals were recruited to complete a survey. Participants were sampled from a variety of medical subspecialties and were advanced enough in their training to have experienced caring for seriously ill patients at the end of life. The survey consisted of three questions, one of which asked for a rating on a 5-point scale of whether EOL discussions with patients of diverse backgrounds was challenging and another was an open-ended question of barriers faced in conducting EOL conversations. A mixed methods approach to analysis was done. The quantified responses were analyzed with respect to medical specialty, identifying barriers more important to specific specialties. A qualitative approach was used to analyze open-ended responses from all participants.

    The majority of participants were Caucasian or Asian (82.3%). Most trainees (85.7%) reported that having EOL conversations was challenging, with participants of Asian and African American ethnicities indicating that they struggled most. Of six barriers identified, “language and medical interpretation” in interactions with patients and families was reported to be most problematic by all participating residents. Other barriers included perceptions of patients’ religious beliefs and expectations about EOL, physicians’ ignorance about cultural practices at EOL, patients’ cultural differences in decision making and truth handling, limited patient health literacy, and patient mistrust of the medical system. Specialty-based differences in rating the relative importance of each barrier were observed. Emergency medicine specialists rated limited patient health literacy as higher relative to other specialties; neurologists reported that doctors’ ignorance of cultural beliefs/practices was a major barrier; and psychiatrists rated patients’ cultural differences in decision making/truth handling as more challenging to EOL discussions.

    Why I liked this article: This study has identified six major barriers to the effective conduct of EOL discussions. An important implication of this study is that it demonstrates a clear need to better train doctors in ways to facilitate EOL discussions that are culturally-sensitive and meaningful to a patient’s own situation. As the population lives longer and becomes more ethnically diverse, an awareness of these barriers may serve as a framework for developing appropriate knowledge and attitudes in the care management of patients especially in fields such as oncology.

    Article. Periyakoli, VS, Neri, E, Kraemer, H (2015). No easy talk: a mixed methods study of doctor reported barriers to conducting effective end-of-life conversations with diverse patients. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0122321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122321

    Journal website: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/

    Author website: https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/vj-periyakoil


    CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have been published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members.  We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a Digest please contact the CAPO office at [email protected]


  • 15 Aug 2018 2:01 PM | Brandon Davenport (Administrator)

    Digest Commentator:

    Paquito Bernard a,b,c , Josée Savard a,b,c

    • Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada
    • School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
    • CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Québec, Canada

    Edited by: Jennifer Brunet, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Mary Ann O’Brien, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto

    Park et al. (2015) examined the effects of oncologists’ exercise recommendations among breast and colorectal cancer survivors. The investigators assigned participants, after completion of cancer treatments, to one of three conditions: control (i.e., conventional consultation); exercise recommendations only (i.e., emphasizing possible benefits from moderate intensity physical activity on risk of cancer recurrence); exercise recommendations with motivation tools (i.e., DVDs, diary and pedometers) plus one educational session administered by an exercise specialist. DVDs presented 3 sets of different resistance exercises without equipment. Participants recorded steps walked by day in diary. Self-reported physical activity assessed 4 weeks after brief intervention was the primary outcome. Quality of life was also measured with European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ C-30 questionnaire.

    121 breast cancer survivors and 41 colorectal cancer survivors were recruited. The study retention rate was good (80%). Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that the addition of motivation tools and one educational session to the oncologist’s exercise recommendation significantly increased self-reported duration of moderate intensity exercise and duration of total exercise as compared to the control group. Participants who received the motivation tools and one educational session in addition to the exercise recommendations increase their total exercise time by almost 80 minutes per week. Participants who were assigned to the control group or who only received oncologist’s exercise recommendations did not significantly modify their exercise behaviours. No between-group difference was found on global quality of life.

    This recent investigation shows that oncologists’ recommendations to increase exercise may not enough to change breast cancer survivors and colorectal cancer survivors’ exercise behaviour, which supports the idea that exercise recommendations should be accompanied by adapted motivational tools and a consultation with an exercise specialist.

    Why we liked this article: Unfortunately, too often, physical activity promotion in oncology is conceptualized as a simple prescription from the oncologist. But physical activity is a complex health behaviour and becoming physically active is an important challenge for cancer survivors. This study highlights that a tailored  intervention is effective. This investigation also suggests that integrating exercise specialists in oncology services may be important.

    Park, J.-H., Lee, J., Oh, M., Park, H., Chae, J., Kim, D.-I., … Jeon, J. Y. (2015). The effect of oncologists’ exercise recommendations on the level of exercise and quality of life in survivors of breast and colorectal cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 121(16), 2740‑2748. http://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29400


    CAPO Digests are summaries of recent psychosocial oncology research which have been published in peer-reviewed journals in and out of the main psychosocial oncology outlets that may be of interest to CAPO members.  We hope you enjoy these Digests. If you are interested in submitting a Digest please contact the CAPO office at [email protected]




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